Japanese Gardens Essays - Landscape, Japanese Garden,

Japanese Gardens Japanese Gardens The role of gardens play a much more important role in Japan than here in the United States. This is due primarily to the fact the Japanese garden embodies native values, cultural beliefs and religious principles. Perhaps this is why there is no one prototype for the Japanese garden, just as there is no one native philosophy or aesthetic. In this way, similar to other forms of Japanese art, landscape design is constantly evolving due to exposure to outside influences, mainly Chinese, that effect not only changing aesthetic tastes but also the values of patrons. In observing a Japanese garden, it is important to remember that the line between the garden and the landscape that surrounds it is not separate. Instead, the two are forever merged, serving as the total embodiment of the one another. Every aspect of the landscape is in itself a garden. Also when observing the garden, the visitor is not supposed to distinguish the garden from its architecture. Gardens in Japan incorporate both natural and artificial elements, therefor uniting nature and architecture into one entity. Japanese gardens also express the ultimate connection between humankind and nature, for these gardens are not only decorative, but are a clear expression of Japanese culture. Although this extremely close connection of the individual with nature, the basic principle of Japanese gardens, has remained the constant throughout its history, the ways in which this principle has come to be expressed has undergone many great changes. Perhaps the most notable occurred in the very distinct periods in Japanese history that popularized unique forms of garden styleHeian (781-1185), and the Kamakura (1186-1393). Resulting from these two golden ages of Japanese history came the stroll garden from the former period and the Zen garden from the later. As we shall see, the composition of these gardens where remarkably effected by the norms of architecture and the ideals of popular religion in these eras. Therefor, in understanding each garden style in its context, it essential to also take into account the social, historical, and theological elements as well as the main stylist differences. Japanese aristocrats from at least mid-eighth century customarily had gardens near their homes. During the Heian period a somewhat standard type of garden evolved in accordance with the Shinden type of courtier mansion (Bring and Wayembergh, p. 28-29). Characteristic of the Heian period was its extremely rigid class stratification; life for the farmers, merchants and artisans consisted of very simplified dwellings in comparison to those of members of the aristocracy. The architecture norm for aristocratic homes was in the Shinden-zurkuri style, which was clearly based on the principle that the individual parts of the building should be merged as much as possible into the garden (Yoshida, p.12). The main building, named the Shinden, represented the area reserved for the master himself, and always opened up to the south side of the garden. There were corridors, or tai-no-ya, connecting the Shinden to the rest of the buildings in the complex. There corridors created an enclosure which i s where a lake would be placed and where the stroll garden was erected. Kinkakuji, also known as the Golden Pavilion (1394), serves as an example of this Shinden type. The site in northern Kyoto was developed as a large retirement estate by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1358-1409) beginning in 1394. The pavilion itself was sited the edge of a sprawling palace complex that no longer exists today. This was intended as proof that the warrior shogunate could contribute to the cultural and aesthetic life of the land to an extent equal to that of the imperial aristocracy. It has been recorded that the actual emperor of Japan visited Kinkakuji in 1408, the first time an emperor had ever stayed with a person that was not a member of the imperial court. The shogun died the year after. After his death the palace was turned over to the Rinzai sect of Zen Buddhism and it has remained under its control ever since. The Golden Pavilion is a three-story viewing and pleasure pavilion constructed on the edge of a pons as the focal point to a much larger garden on the grounds of the Rokuoni Temple. The pavilion itself is based on

Bulgaria

Since its establishment in 681AD, Bulgaria has been the object of aspirations of many powerful nations. Bulgarias fertile lands, beautiful mountains, and dense network of fast flowing rivers have been the cause of many wars whose purpose was to control those valuable resources. Another factor that contributed towards the interest of other nations in the territory of Bulgaria was its strategic position. Founded in the heart of the Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria functioned as a political, commercial and cultural bridge between Europe and Asia. Every trade route that was established between the nations of Europe and Asia passed through the territory of Bulgaria. It controlled the trade and the flow of ideas and was influenced by the trends in architecture, construction and arms. Due to its strategic position, Bulgaria was the fastest growing state in Europe. Its economic achievements attracted pioneers from many different states. The increase of the population brought many different individuals with different ideas of ruling the country. Eventually the land was divided into parts and every part had its ruler. This division of the country made it vulnerable to the number of barbarian tribes and other nations who were equally interested in establishing control over the land. As a result, Bulgaria fell under Byzantine rule at the beginning of eleventh century and after that under Ottoman rule at the end of the fourteenth century. The lack of kinship and unwillingness to act as a unit has been a national characteristic of the Bulgarians. Unfortunately after many years of suffering the people of Bulgaria have not learned their lesson yet. In my opinion, the biggest and most destructive social problem of my country, Bulgaria, has been the lack of national identity and the lack of desire to participate as a team. Although the citizens are Bulgarians in terms of their religion, culture and language, it is very unlikely to se...